1 Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Paris, France; Bruegel, Belgium; Esade Centre for Economic Policy, Barcelona, Spain.
2 French National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), 38058 Grenoble, France; Oxford-Man Institute of Quantitative Finance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: [email protected].
3 Collège de France, Paris, France; London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK; INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France.
4 Natixis, Paris, France; Paris School of Economics, Paris, France.
5 Global Health Centre, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland.
6 Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
7 Oxford Vaccine Group, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.