Wavelength optimization for the laser treatment of port wine stains

Based on the well-known principle of selective photothermolysis, laser has been a promising way for the treatment of port wine stains (PWSs). The laser wavelengths used for PWS's clinical treatment include but are not limited to pulsed dye laser (PDL) in 585-600 nm, long-pulse 755-nm alexandrite, and 1064-nm Nd:YAG lasers. The objective of this study was to investigate the optimal wavelength for PWS's laser treatment. A two-scale mathematic model was constructed to simultaneously quantify macroscale laser energy attenuation in two-layered bulk skin and microscale local energy absorption on target blood vessels within Krogh unit. The effects of morphological parameters, including epidermal melanin content, epidermal thickness, dermal blood content, blood vessel depth, and diameter on laser energy deposition within target blood vessels, were investigated from the visible to near-infrared bands (500-1100 nm). The energy deposition ratio of target blood vessel to epidermal surface was proposed to determine the optimal laser wavelength for PWS with different skin morphological parameters. The bioheat transfer modeling and animal experiment are also conducted to prove our wavelength optimization. The optimal wavelengths for lightly pigmented skin with small and shallow target blood vessels are 580-610 nm in the visible band. This wavelength coincides with commercially used PDL. The optimal wavelength shifts to 940 nm as the epidermal pigmentation increases or the size and blood vessel depth increases. The optimal wavelength changes to 1005 nm as the epidermal pigmentation or the size and burying depth of target blood vessel further increases. Nine hundred forty nanometers can be selected as a general wavelength in PWS treatment to meet the need in most widely morphological structure. Lasers with wavelengths in the 580-610, 940, and 1005 nm regions are effective for treating PWS because of their high optical selectivity in blood over the epidermis.