Critical assessment of DNA adenine methylation in eukaryotes using quantitative deconvolution

Science. 2022 Feb 4;375(6580):515-522. doi: 10.1126/science.abe7489. Epub 2022 Feb 3.

Abstract

The discovery of N6-methyldeoxyadenine (6mA) across eukaryotes led to a search for additional epigenetic mechanisms. However, some studies have highlighted confounding factors that challenge the prevalence of 6mA in eukaryotes. We developed a metagenomic method to quantitatively deconvolve 6mA events from a genomic DNA sample into species of interest, genomic regions, and sources of contamination. Applying this method, we observed high-resolution 6mA deposition in two protozoa. We found that commensal or soil bacteria explained the vast majority of 6mA in insect and plant samples. We found no evidence of high abundance of 6mA in Drosophila, Arabidopsis, or humans. Plasmids used for genetic manipulation, even those from Dam methyltransferase mutant Escherichia coli, could carry abundant 6mA, confounding the evaluation of candidate 6mA methyltransferases and demethylases. On the basis of this work, we advocate for a reassessment of 6mA in eukaryotes.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Arabidopsis / genetics
  • Brain Neoplasms / genetics
  • Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / genetics
  • DNA / chemistry*
  • DNA / genetics
  • DNA Methylation*
  • DNA, Bacterial / chemistry
  • DNA, Bacterial / genetics
  • DNA, Fungal / chemistry
  • DNA, Fungal / genetics
  • DNA, Protozoan / chemistry
  • DNA, Protozoan / genetics
  • Deoxyadenosines / analysis*
  • Drosophila melanogaster / genetics
  • Drosophila melanogaster / microbiology
  • Epigenesis, Genetic
  • Escherichia coli / genetics
  • Eukaryota / genetics*
  • Eukaryota / metabolism
  • Glioblastoma / genetics
  • High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
  • Humans
  • Leukocytes, Mononuclear / chemistry
  • Metagenomics
  • Plasmids
  • Sequence Analysis, DNA
  • Tetrahymena thermophila / genetics

Substances

  • DNA, Bacterial
  • DNA, Fungal
  • DNA, Protozoan
  • Deoxyadenosines
  • N(6)-methyldeoxyadenosine
  • DNA