Women with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms have increased frailty and more complex aortic anatomy compared with men

Objective: Operative repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) is high risk, and many patients will be unfit for intervention. Prior studies have noted lower rates of repair for women than for men. The reasons for this disparity have remained unknown but could include a greater burden of co-morbid illness or anatomic barriers. Frailty could also contribute to the lower intervention rates but has rarely been reported in preoperative risk assessments. The aim of the present study was to assess the sex-related differences in clinical comorbidities, anatomic suitability, and frailty among an unselected cohort of patients who had presented with TAAAs.

Methods: All patients with extent I to V TAAAs confirmed by computed tomography imaging between 2009 and 2019 at a single institution were reviewed. Patients were included regardless of whether they had undergone repair. Clinical comorbidities, anatomic details, and metrics of frailty were collected and used to determine operative risk.

Results: Of the 578 identified patients, 233 (40%) were women. The women were older than the men at diagnosis (71 years vs 68 years; P = .006) but had had similar comorbidities, with the exception of lower rates of coronary artery disease (37% vs 47%; P = .04) and higher rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (45% vs 36%; P = .008). The Society for Vascular Surgery clinical comorbidity score was similar between the sexes. Women were less likely to have undergone prior aortic surgery (32% vs 53%; P < .0001) but had had more extensive aneurysms (P = .007) with greater rates of prohibitive anatomic risk factors (open repair, 31% vs 17% [P = .01]; endovascular repair, 33% vs 28% [P = .32]). The metrics of frailty were higher for the women, including recent unintentional weight loss (11% vs 5%; P = .002), limited physical activity tolerance (46% vs 31%; P < .0001), and the need for ambulatory assistance (13% vs 6%; P < .0001). Of the 578 patients, 55% of the women and 30% of the men had had at least one frailty metric that was prohibitive for open repair (P = .0006). The women had also scored higher on the modified frailty index (P = .009). For open repair, 74% of women and 61% of men had at least one prohibitive risk factor. The women were also more likely to have multiple types of prohibitive risk factors. Compared with the men, the women were less likely to be offered repair (60% vs 74%; P = .0009) and less likely to undergo repair (44% vs 62%; P = .0001).

Conclusions: Women with TAAAs had increased metrics of frailty and anatomic risk that were not captured by comorbidity-based risk assessments. This suggests that frailty, together with complex anatomy, could explain the lower intervention rates for women with TAAAs.