Direct electrochemical detection of clozapine by RuO2 nanoparticles-modified screen-printed electrode

Mohammad Reza Aflatoonian; Somayeh Tajik; Bita Mohtat; Behnaz Aflatoonian; Iran Sheikh Shoaie; Hadi Beitollahi; Kaiqiang Zhang; Ho Won Jang; Mohammadreza Shokouhimehr

doi:10.1039/d0ra00778a

Direct electrochemical detection of clozapine by RuO₂ nanoparticles-modified screen-printed electrode

RSC Adv. 2020 Mar 31;10(22):13021-13028. doi: 10.1039/d0ra00778a. eCollection 2020 Mar 30.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran.
² Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran [email protected].
³ Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran.
⁴ Department of Chemistry, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University Karaj Iran.
⁵ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman 76175-133 Iran.
⁶ Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology Kerman Iran.
⁷ Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea [email protected] [email protected].

Abstract

This study introduces the sensitive electrochemical detection of clozapine with the use of a ruthenium(iv) oxide nanoparticle (RuO₂ NP)-modified screen-printed electrode (RuO₂ NPs/SPE). The electrochemical behaviors of clozapine at RuO₂ NP/SPE have been examined via cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometry (CHA). According to the results, the modified electrode has been accompanied by a decreasing over-potential (ca. 170 mV) and enhancement in the peak current (3 times) in comparison with the bare SPE. The results indicated that RuO₂ NP/SPE markedly augmented electro-catalytic activities toward clozapine oxidation. In addition, linear responses have been observed in the range between 0.2 and 500.0 μM with a sensitivity of 0.076 μA μM^-1 and a limitation of detection of 0.07 μM (3σ). Moreover, the successful application of RuO₂ NP/SPE has been seen in detecting clozapine in real samples, which showed satisfied recoveries. Therefore, outputs suggest that RuO₂ NP/SPE will be promising for functional utilization.