Evidence in favor of the essentiality of human cell membrane-bound ACE2 and against soluble ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 infectivity

Affiliations

• ¹ Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].
• ² Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
• ³ Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
• ⁴ Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
• ⁵ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
• ⁶ Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
• ⁷ Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; National Veterinary Institute, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
• ⁸ Pluripotency for Organ Regeneration, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Madrid, Spain.
• ⁹ Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; University of Lübeck, Institute for Biology, Lübeck, Germany.
• ¹⁰ Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria; Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Electronic address: [email protected].