Development and Characterization of Carbon-Based Adsorbents Derived from Agricultural Wastes and Their Effectiveness in Adsorption of Heavy Metals in Waste Water

L Natrayan; S Kaliappan; C Naga Dheeraj Kumar Reddy; M Karthick; N S Sivakumar; Pravin P Patil; S Sekar; Subash Thanappan

doi:10.1155/2022/1659855

Development and Characterization of Carbon-Based Adsorbents Derived from Agricultural Wastes and Their Effectiveness in Adsorption of Heavy Metals in Waste Water

Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2022 Sep 23:2022:1659855. doi: 10.1155/2022/1659855. eCollection 2022.

Authors

L Natrayan¹, S Kaliappan², C Naga Dheeraj Kumar Reddy³, M Karthick⁴, N S Sivakumar⁵, Pravin P Patil⁶, S Sekar⁷, Subash Thanappan⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering SIMATS, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
² Department of Mechanical Engineering, Velammal Institute of Technology, Chennai-601204, Tamil Nadu, India.
³ Department of Civil Engineering, Aditya College of Engineering and Technology, Surampalem, India.
⁴ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Velammal Engineering College, Velammal New-Gen Park, Ambattur-Redhills Road, Chennai 600066, Tamil Nadu, India.
⁵ Department of Mechatronics Engineering, TISHK International University, Erbil, Iraq.
⁶ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to Be University, Bell Road, Clement Town, 248002 Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
⁷ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Rajalakshmi Nagar Thandalam, Chennai 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India.
⁸ Department of Civil Engineering, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia.

Abstract

The current work focuses on peanut shells and agricultural wastes richly in many nations subjected to pyrolysis treatment at various temperatures in the range of 500-800°C to determine the feasible physiochemical characteristics of the biochar. The biochars with the high surface area were employed to adsorb Pb²⁺ (lead) ions, the heaviest pollutants in the water bodies. The raw material, biochar, and pyrolyzed biochar were characterized by SEM, FTIR, partial and elemental analysis, and BET tests. The adsorption characteristics of the biochar, pre- and postpyrolysis treatment, were studied with the assistance of batch adsorption tests under varying test conditions. Adsorbing conditions were determined by evaluating the effects of adsorbing parameters like initial concentration of the lead in water, pH of the adsorbent, contact time, and mixing speed on the effective adsorption of Pb²⁺ ions from water. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Themkin isotherm expressions were employed to study the experimental results. The adsorption kinetics study showed that the synthesized biochars were chemically stable enough to adsorb the Pb ions onto the surface.