Objective: To analyze the disease spectrums underlying orthostatic intolerance (OI) and sitting intolerance (SI) in Chinese children, and to understand the clinical empirical treatment options.
Methods: The medical records including history, physical examination, laboratory examination, and imagological examination of children were retrospectively studied in Peking University First Hospital from 2012 to 2021. All the children who met the diagnostic criteria of OI and SI were enrolled in the study. The disease spectrums underlying OI and SI and treatment options during the last 10 years were analyzed.
Results: A total of 2 110 cases of OI and SI patients were collected in the last 10 years, including 943 males (44.69%) and 1 167 females (55.31%) aged 4－18 years, with an average of (11.34±2.84) years. The overall case number was in an increasing trend over the year. In the OI spectrum, postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) accounted for 826 cases (39.15%), followed by vasovagal syncope (VVS) (634 cases, 30.05%). The highest proportion of SI spectrum was sitting tachycardia (STS) (8 cases, 0.38%), followed by sitting hypertension (SHT) (2 cases, 0.09%). The most common comorbidity of OI and SI was POTS coexisting with STS (36 cases, 1.71%). The highest proportion of treatment options was autonomic nerve function exercise (757 cases, 35.88%), followed by oral rehydration salts (ORS) (687 cases, 32.56%), metoprolol (307 cases, 14.55%), midodrine (142 cases, 6.73%), ORS plus metoprolol (138 cases, 6.54%), and ORS plus midodrine (79 cases, 3.74%). The patients with POTS coexisting with VVS were more likely to receive pharmacological intervention than the patients with POTS and the patients with VVS (41.95% vs. 30.51% vs. 28.08%, χ2= 20.319, P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference in the proportion of treatment options between the patients with POTS and the patients with VVS.
Conclusion: POTS and VVS in children are the main underlying diseases of OI, while SI is a new disease discovered recently. The number of children with OI and SI showed an increasing trend. The main treatment methods are autonomic nerve function exercise and ORS. Children with VVS coexisting with POTS were more likely to take pharmacological treatments than those with VVS or POTS only.
目的: 分析儿童直立不耐受(orthostatic intolerance, OI)和坐位不耐受(sitting intolerance, SI)的基础疾病谱, 并了解其在临床上采用的经验性治疗方式。
方法: 选择北京大学第一医院儿科2012年1月至2021年12月十年期间所有患儿的病例资料(包括病史、体格检查、实验室检查和影像学检查)进行回顾性分析, 将符合OI和SI诊断标准的患儿纳入研究, 分析患儿OI和SI的基础疾病谱, 并总结分析其治疗方式。
结果: 共纳入OI和SI病例资料2 110例, 其中男943例(44.69%), 女1 167例(55.31%), 年龄4~18岁, 平均(11.34±2.84)岁。十年间总体OI和SI患儿例数呈逐渐增多趋势。OI疾病谱中占比最高的是体位性心动过速综合征(postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, POTS), 共826例(39.15%); 其次为血管迷走性晕厥(vasovagal syncope, VVS), 共634例(30.05%)。而SI疾病谱中占比最高的是坐位性心动过速综合征(sitting tachycardia syndrome, STS), 共8例(0.38%); 其次为坐位性高血压(sitting hypertension, SHT) 2例(0.09%); 此外, OI和SI合并疾病中占比最多的是POTS合并STS, 共36例(1.71%)。在OI和SI治疗方式中, 主要为自主神经功能锻炼757例(35.88%), 其次为口服补液盐(oral rehydration salts, ORS) 687例(32.56%), 美托洛尔307例(14.55%), 盐酸米多君142例(6.73%), ORS联合美托洛尔138例(6.54%)和ORS联合盐酸米多君79例(3.74%)。POTS合并VVS的患儿相对于POTS或VVS患儿, 接受药物治疗者更多(41.95% vs. 30.51% vs. 28.08%, χ2= 20.319, P < 0.01), 而POTS和VVS患儿的药物治疗占比没有统计学差异。
结论: 儿童POTS及VVS是OI的主要基础疾病, SI是近年来新发现的疾病。OI和SI患儿的人数整体呈逐渐增加的趋势, 其主要治疗方式为自主神经功能锻炼和口服ORS。POTS合并VVS的患儿相对于单纯POTS或VVS患儿, 更倾向于接受药物治疗。
Keywords: Children; Disease spectrum; Orthostatic intolerance; Sitting intolerance.