Differences in patient characteristics, clinical practice and outcomes of cardiac implantable electric device therapy between Japan and the USA: a cross-sectional study using data from nationally representative administrative databases

Objectives: To identify differences in patient characteristics, clinical practice and outcomes of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) therapy between Japan and the USA.

Design: A cross-sectional study.

Setting: Nationally representative administrative databases from Japan and the USA containing hospitalisations with first-time implantations of pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) and cardiac-resynchronisation therapy with or without defibrillators (CRTP/CRTD).

Participants: Patients hospitalised with first-time implantations of CIEDs.

Outcome measures: In-hospital mortality, in-hospital complication and 30-day readmission rates.

Results: Overall, 107 339 (median age 78 (71-84), 48 415 women) and 295 584 (age 76 (67-83), 127 349 women) records with CIED implantations were included from Japan and the USA, respectively. Proportion of women in defibrillator recipients was lower in Japan than in the USA (ICD, 21% vs 28%, p<0.001; CRTD, 24% vs 29%, p<0.001). Length of stay after CIED implantation was longer in Japan than in the USA for all device types (conventional pacemaker, 8(7-11) vs 1 (1-3) days, p<0.001; leadless pacemaker, 5 (3-9) vs 2 (1-5) days, p<0.001; ICD, 8 (7-11) vs 1 (1-3) days, p<0.001, CRTP, 9 (7-13) vs 2 (1-4) days, p<0.001; CRTD, 9 (8-14) vs 2 (1-4) days, p<0.001). In-hospital mortality after CIED implantation was similar between Japan and the USA ((OR) (95% CI), conventional pacemaker 0.58 (0.83 to 1.004); ICD 0.77 (0.57 to 1.03); CRTP 0.85 (0.51 to 1.44); CRTD 1.11 (0.81 to 1.51)), except that after leadless pacemaker implantation in Japan was lower than that in the USA (0.32 (0.23 to 0.43)). 30-day readmission rates were lower in Japan than in the USA for all device types (conventional pacemaker 0.55 (0.53 to 0.57); leadless pacemaker 0.50 (0.43 to 0.58); ICD 0.54 (0.49 to 0.58); CRTP 0.51 (0.42 to 0.62); CRTD 0.57 (0.51 to 0.64)).

Conclusions: International variations in patient characteristics, practice and outcomes were observed. In-hospital mortality after CIED implantation was similar between Japan and the USA, except in cases of leadless pacemaker recipients.