Structural studies identify angiotensin II receptor blocker-like compounds as branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase inhibitors

The mammalian mitochondrial branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex is a multienzyme complex involved in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. BCKD is regulated by the BCKD kinase, or BCKDK, which binds to the E2 subunit of BCKD, phosphorylates its E1 subunit, and inhibits enzymatic activity. Inhibition of the BCKD complex results in increased levels of branched-chain amino acids and branched-chain ketoacids, and this buildup has been associated with heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. To find BCKDK inhibitors for potential treatment of these diseases, we performed both NMR and virtual fragment screening and identified tetrazole-bearing fragments that bind BCKDK at multiple sites. Through structure-based virtual screening expanding from these fragments, the angiotensin receptor blocker class antihypertension drugs and angiotensin receptor blocker-like compounds were discovered to be potent BCKDK inhibitors, suggesting potential new avenues for heart failure treatment combining BCKDK inhibition and antihypertension.