Background: Intensive physical activity in athletes leads to considerable changes in the morphology and physiology of the left atrium through physiological, exercise-induced remodelling.
Aim: This study aimed to assess the mechanical and electrophysiological changes in professional football players using electrocardiographic and echocardiographic assessment tools.
Methods: This prospective, case-control study was performed between February and June 2022. The population consisted of elite male football players (n = 49, group F) as the study group, and healthy male non-athlete individuals of matching age (n = 50, group C) as the control group. All participants underwent electrocardiographic and echocardiographic (two-dimensional and tissue Doppler) examinations. Volumetric and functional assessment of the left atrium was identified as the study's primary outcome.
Results: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of demographic and morphometric characteristics (p > 0.05). Maximum and minimum P waves and PR-interval duration were significantly higher in group F than in group C (p = 0.011, p = 0.005 and p < 0.001). Diameter, maximum and minimum volumes of the left atrium, and their corresponding indexes were significantly increased in group F (p < 0.0). Ejection fraction of the left atrium was significantly lower in group F than in group C (p = 0.001). Pulmonary acceleration time and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was significantly higher in the football players (p = 0.023 and p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Increased diameter, maximum and minimum volumes of the left atrium, and their corresponding indexes could be demonstrated in the elite football players. The morphological and functional changes in the left atrium might be a physiological consequence of left atrial cardiac remodelling to intensive and chronic training.
Keywords: 2D echocardiography; Doppler echocardiography; athlete’s heart; electrocardiography; left atrium.