Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the clinical manifestation of traumatic events and is associated with sleep disturbances. Sleep disturbances, if left untreated, may perpetuate or even worsen symptoms of PTSD. Previous studies of other PTSD populations show a higher incidence of sleep impairments and sleep disorders compared to healthy controls (HCs); however, this has never been investigated in trauma-affected refugees diagnosed with PTSD.Objectives: To examine subjective sleep quality, measure sleep architecture, and identify latent sleep disorders in refugees diagnosed with PTSD compared to HCs.Method: This comparative study included 20 trauma-affected refugees diagnosed with PTSD and 20 HC matched on age, sex, and body mass index. All participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing sleep quality, insomnia severity, and disturbing nocturnal behaviour, and all took part in a one-night polysomnography (PSG) assessment.Results: Patients reported significantly poorer subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, and sleep efficiency compared to HCs. Subjective reports on hours spent in bed were not significantly different between patients and HCs. Patients reported significantly higher nightmare frequency and severity compared to HCs. PSG measures showed that patients had significantly reduced sleep efficiency, more awakenings, and longer REM sleep latency, and spent more time awake, whereas there was no significant differences regarding total time in bed, total sleep time, or sleep latency. The prevalence of sleep disorders was equal between groups.Conclusions: The study identified significant impairments in several sleep domains, with a preponderance of disturbed regulation of sleep resulting in awakenings. These results indicate a need for more focus on hyperarousal and nightmares as key elements of disturbed sleep in PTSD. Furthermore, the study identified a discrepancy between subjective and objective measures concerning total sleep time, raising questions regarding the causes of 'sleep state misperception'.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03535636..Trial registration: Sleep Impairments in Refugees Diagnosed with PTSD (PSG-PTSD). URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03535636. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03535636. Date of registration: 24/05/2018.
背景:创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)是创伤事件的临床表现,与睡眠障碍相关。 如果不及时治疗,睡眠障碍可能会持续存在,甚至会加重 PTSD 的症状。 先前对其他 PTSD 人群的研究表明,与健康对照组 (HC) 相比,睡眠受损和睡眠障碍的发生率更高,但从未在被诊断患有 PTSD 的受创伤影响的难民中进行过调查。
目的:在被诊断患有 PTSD 的难民中,对比健康对照组,考查其主观睡眠质量、测量睡眠结构并识别潜在的睡眠障碍。
方法:这项比较研究包括 20 名被诊断患有 PTSD 的受创伤影响的难民和 20 名年龄、性别和 BMI 匹配的 HC。 所有参与者都完成了评估睡眠质量、失眠严重程度和困扰的夜间行为的自我报告问卷,并且都参加了一晚多导睡眠图 (PSG) 评估。
结果:与 HC 相比,患者报告的主观睡眠质量、睡眠潜伏期、睡眠持续时间和睡眠效率显著较差。 关于卧床时间的主观报告在患者和 HC 之间没有显著差异。 与 HC 相比,患者报告的噩梦频率和严重程度显著更高。 PSG 测量显示,患者的睡眠效率显著降低、觉醒次数增多、REM 睡眠潜伏期延长以及清醒时间增加,而在床上的总时间、总睡眠时间或睡眠潜伏期方面没有显著差异。 睡眠障碍的流行率在各组之间是相等的。
结论:该研究确定了几个睡眠领域的显著受损,其中主要是睡眠调节紊乱导致觉醒。 这些结果表明需要更多地关注高唤起和噩梦作为 PTSD 中睡眠障碍的关键因素。 此外,该研究发现了引发“睡眠阶段误解”的关于总睡眠时间的主观和客观测量之间的差异。
Keywords: Polisomnografía; Polysomnography; calidad del sueño; post-traumatic stress disorder; refugees; refugiados; sleep disturbances; sleep quality; trastorno de estrés postraumático; trastornos del sueño; trauma; 创伤; 创伤后应激障碍; 多导睡眠图; 睡眠质量; 睡眠障碍; 难民.
This is the first study assessing sleep impairments and sleep disorders in refugees diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to healthy controls.The main finding is that both subjectively and objectively measured sleep is disrupted in refugees diagnosed with PTSD compared to healthy controls.The results suggest that these disturbances of sleep are significant targets in treatment of PTSD and stress the importance of focusing on treatment of sleep disturbances in PTSD.