Neferine ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis through regulating AMPK pathway

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), peculiarly nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has become the main cause of liver transplantation and liver-related death. However, the US Food and Drug Administration has not approved a specific medication for treating NASH. Neferine (NEF), a natural bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid separated from the traditional Chinese medicine Nelumbinis plumula, has a variety of pharmacological properties, especially on metabolic diseases. Nevertheless, the anti-NASH effect and mechanisms of NEF remain unclear.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the amelioration of NEF on NASH and the potential mechanisms.

Study design: HepG2 cells, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and high-fat diet (HFD)+carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced C57BL/6 mice were used to observe the effect of NEF against NASH and investigate the engaged mechanism.

Methods: HSCs and HepG2 cells stimulated by oleic acid (OA) were treated with NEF. C57BL/6 mice were fed with HFD+CCl₄ to induce NASH mouse model and treated with or without NEF (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg, once daily, i.p) for 4 weeks.

Results: NEF significantly attenuated the accumulation of lipid droplets, intracellular triglyceride (TG) levels and hepatocytes apoptosis in OA-exposed HepG2 cells. NEF not only enhanced the AMPK and ACC phosphorylation in OA-stimulated HepG2 cells, but also reduced inflammatory response and fibrosis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated HepG2 and in LX-2, respectively. In HFD+CCl₄-induced NASH mice, pathological staining confirmed NEF treatment mitigated hepatic lipid deposition, inflammatory cell infiltration as well as hepatic fibrosis. Furthermore, the liver weight, serum and hepatic TG and total cholesterol (TC) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were decreased compared with the model group. HFD+CCl₄ also induced the upregulation of specific proteins and genes associated to inflammation (ILs, TNF-α, NLRP3, ASC, CCL2 and CXCL10) and hepatic fibrosis (collagens, α-SMA, TGF-β and TIPM1), which were also suppressed by NEF treatment.

Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that NEF played a protective role in hepatic steatosis via the regulation of AMPK pathways, which may serve as an attractive candidate for a potential novel strategy on prevention and treatment of NASH.