Temporal trend and factors associated with spatial distribution of congenital syphilis in Brazil: An ecological study

Janmilli da Costa Dantas; Cristiane da Silva Ramos Marinho; Yago Tavares Pinheiro; Maria Ângela Fernandes Ferreira; Richardson Augusto Rosendo da Silva

doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1109271

Temporal trend and factors associated with spatial distribution of congenital syphilis in Brazil: An ecological study

Front Pediatr. 2023 Mar 22:11:1109271. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1109271. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Janmilli da Costa Dantas¹, Cristiane da Silva Ramos Marinho², Yago Tavares Pinheiro¹, Maria Ângela Fernandes Ferreira¹, Richardson Augusto Rosendo da Silva¹

Affiliations

¹ Graduate Program in Collective Health, Health Science Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
² Graduate Program in Collective Health, Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Santa Cruz, Brazil.

Abstract

Objective: The study aimed to analyze the temporal trend of congenital syphilis in Brazil in the period from 2008 to 2018 and its spatial distribution in the Immediate Regions of Urban Articulation, and to identify spatial correlations with socioeconomic factors and prenatal care.

Methods: Spatial correlations between the incidence of congenital syphilis and socioeconomic conditions and access to prenatal care were assessed. This ecological study conducted a time series analysis in Brazil and spatial analysis in 482 Immediate Regions of Urban Articulation. Cases of congenital syphilis reported in the Notifiable Diseases Information System and the Live Birth Information System from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2018 were included. Socioeconomic conditions (percentage of individuals with inadequate water supply and sanitation) were extracted from the 2010 census, whereas the Live Birth Information System provided data on access to prenatal care (percentage of live births with 1-3 prenatal care appointments). The Joinpoint Regression software performed the temporal trend analysis, while the GeoDa software assessed territorial clusters using the Moran's I and Local Spatial Association Indicator.

Results: The incidence of congenital syphilis showed an upward trend (annual percent change 1 = 26.96; 95% CI: 18.2-36.3; annual percent change 2 = 10.25; 95% CI: 2.7-28.4) and was unevenly distributed across Immediate Regions of Urban Articulation in Brazil (Moran's I = 0.264, p ≤ 0.05). It also presented a direct spatial correlation with the percentage of individuals with inadequate water supply and sanitation (Moran's I = 0.02, p ≤ 0.05) and the percentage of live births with 1-3 prenatal care appointments (Moran's I = 0.03, p ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion: Agrowth trend of congenital syphilis in Brazil was observed between 2008 and 2018. Moreover, inequalities in socioeconomic conditions and access to prenatal care influenced the spatial distribution of this disease.

Keywords: Treponema Pallidum; infectious diseases; prenatal care; space time clustering; spatial analysis.

Grants and funding

Publication fee—Program of Post-Graduation in Public Health of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel—Brazil (CAPES) (funding code 001).