Axial Postural Abnormalities in Parkinsonism: Gaps in Predictors, Pathophysiology, and Management

Affiliations

• ¹ Neurology Unit, Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurosciences Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
• ² Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
• ³ Department of Rehabilitation, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
• ⁴ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and Department of Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
• ⁵ Department of Neurology, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India.
• ⁶ Department of Neurology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India.
• ⁷ Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
• ⁸ Motor Learning Program, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
• ⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
• ¹⁰ Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
• ¹¹ Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
• ¹² Department of Neurology, UKSH, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
• ¹³ Neurorehabilitation and Movement Disorders Society, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
• ¹⁴ Movement Disorders Service, FLENI, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
• ¹⁵ Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
• ¹⁶ Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
• ¹⁷ Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
• ¹⁸ Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK.
• ¹⁹ Centre for Medical Education, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
• ²⁰ Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
• ²¹ Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
• ²² Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
• ²³ Service de Neurologie B et de Neurogénétique Hôpital des Spécialités OTO-Neuro-Ophtalmologique, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Medical School of Rabat, Mohamed 5 University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
• ²⁴ Neurology 2 Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.
• ²⁵ Neurological Department, Expert Center for Parkinson's Disease, Inserm UMR 1172, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
• ²⁶ Department of Human Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
• ²⁷ Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn Centre of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
• ²⁸ The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand.