Outcomes in patients with clinically suspected pedal osteomyelitis based on bone marrow signal pattern on MRI

Christin A Tiegs-Heiden; Tanner C Anderson; Mark S Collins; Matthew P Johnson; Douglas R Osmon; Doris E Wenger

doi:10.5194/jbji-8-99-2023

Outcomes in patients with clinically suspected pedal osteomyelitis based on bone marrow signal pattern on MRI

J Bone Jt Infect. 2023 Mar 22;8(2):99-107. doi: 10.5194/jbji-8-99-2023. eCollection 2023.

Authors

Christin A Tiegs-Heiden¹, Tanner C Anderson¹, Mark S Collins¹, Matthew P Johnson², Douglas R Osmon³, Doris E Wenger¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
² Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
³ Department of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.

Abstract

Objective: confluent T1 hypointense marrow signal is widely accepted to represent osteomyelitis on MRI. Some authors have suggested that non-confluent bone marrow signal abnormality should be considered early osteomyelitis. The purpose of this study was to address this issue by comparing the rate of osteomyelitis and amputation based on T1 marrow signal characteristics. Materials and methods: a total of 112 patients who underwent MRI of the foot for the evaluation of possible osteomyelitis were included. Patients were assigned to confluent T1 hypointense, reticulated T1 hypointense, and normal bone marrow signal groups. Results: patients with confluent T1 hypointense signal on MRI had significantly higher rates of osteomyelitis and amputation at 2 and 14 months post-MRI than the reticulated T1 hypointense group ( $p < 0.001$ ). Six patients had normal T1 signal, 16.7 % of whom had osteomyelitis and underwent amputation by 2 months post-MRI. Of 61 patients with reticulated T1 hypointense signal, 19.7 % had a diagnosis of osteomyelitis at 2 months post-MRI and 30.8 % had a diagnosis of osteomyelitis at 14 months post-MRI; moreover, 14.8 % and 31.5 % underwent amputation by 2 and 14 months post-MRI, respectively. Of 45 patients with confluent T1 hypointense signal, 73.3 % of patients had osteomyelitis at 2 months post-MRI and 82.5 % had osteomyelitis at 14 months post-MRI. In this group, 66.7 % underwent amputation by 2 months post-MRI and 77.8 % underwent amputation by 14 months post-MRI. Conclusions: over half of the patients with suspected pedal osteomyelitis who had reticulated or normal T1 bone marrow signal on MRI healed with conservative measures. Therefore, we recommend terminology such as "osteitis", "reactive osteitis", or "nonspecific reactive change" to describe bone marrow edema-like signal and reticulated hazy T1 hypointense signal without associated confluent T1 hypointensity. Moreover, we recommend that the MRI diagnosis of osteomyelitis is reserved for confluent T1 hypointense bone signal in the area of concern.