Longitudinal changes in gray matter correspond to changes in cognition across the lifespan: implications for theories of cognition

The present study examines the association between gray matter volume and cognition. Studies that have examined this issue have focused primarily on older adults, whereas the present study examines the issue across the entire adult lifespan. A total of 463 adults, ages 20-88 at first assessment, were followed longitudinally across three assessments over 8-10years. Significant individual differences in a general cognition measure comprised of measures of speed of processing, working memory, and episodic memory were observed, as well as in measures of cortical and subcortical gray matter. Parallel process latent growth curve modeling showed a reliable relationship between decreases in cortical matter and cognitive decline across the entire adult lifespan, which persisted after controlling for age effects. Implications of these findings in relation to progression toward dementia, risk assessment, cognitive intervention, and environmental factors are discussed, as well as implications for theories of cognitive aging.