The mechanism of nanozyme activity of ZnO-Co₃O_4-v: Oxygen vacancy dynamic change and bilayer electron transfer pathway for wound healing and virtual reality revealing

Since the catalyst's surface was the major active location, the inner structure's contribution to catalytic activity was typically overlooked. Here, ZnO-Co₃O_4-v nanozymes with several surfaces and bulk oxygen vacancies were created. The O atoms of H₂O₂ moved inward to preferentially fill the oxygen vacancies in the interior and form new "lattice oxygen" by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth analysis and X-ray absorption fine structure. The internal Co²⁺ continually transferred electrons to the surface for a continuous catalytic reaction, which generated a significant amount of reactive oxygen species. Inner and outer double-layer electron cycles accompanied this process. A three-dimensional model of ZnO-Co₃O_4-v was constructed using virtual reality interactive modelling technology to illustrate nanozyme catalysis. Moreover, the bactericidal rate of ZnO-Co₃O_4-v for Methionine-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Multiple drug resistant Escherichia coli was as high as 99%. ZnO-Co₃O_4-v was biocompatible and might be utilized to heal wounds following Methionine-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. This work offered a new idea for nanozymes to replace of conventional antibacterial medications.