Predictors of Adverse Fetal Outcomes in Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP): a Narrative Review

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a hepatic disorder in pregnancy linked with adverse fetal outcomes, which primarily manifests in the late second and third trimesters of pregnancy. This review aims to recapitulate the existing evidence on factors that can predict detrimental perinatal outcomes in pregnant women diagnosed with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Medline, and Embase databases and selected studies related to predictors of fetal outcome in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Studies of the articles showed that predictors of an adverse fetal outcome include in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy, multifetal pregnancy, biochemical markers, gestational age of ICP onset, presence of comorbidities (preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus), maternal history of ICP, and hepatobiliary disease.Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) complicates the pregnancy. Hence, early assessment of low-risk and high-risk groups will help to administer definite management protocols and strategies to prevent adverse neonatal outcomes. Further research should concentrate on the number of conditions/factors and the predictive power of different factors to determine the most reliable predictors and biomarkers that can predict adverse fetal outcomes and improve the assessment of risk in pregnancy complicated with ICP.