Effect of heat stress on heat shock protein expression and hypertrophy-related signaling in the skeletal muscle of trained individuals

Muscle mass is balanced between hypertrophy and atrophy by cellular processes, including activation of the protein kinase B-mechanistic target of rapamycin (Akt-mTOR) signaling cascade. Stressors apart from exercise and nutrition, such as heat stress, can stimulate the heat shock protein A (HSPA) and C (HSPC) families alongside hypertrophic signaling factors and muscle growth. The effects of heat stress on HSP expression and Akt-mTOR activation in human skeletal muscle and their magnitude of activation compared with known hypertrophic stimuli are unclear. Here, we show a single session of whole body heat stress following resistance exercise increases the expression of HSPA and activation of the Akt-mTOR cascade in skeletal muscle compared with resistance exercise in a healthy, resistance-trained population. Heat stress alone may also exert similar effects, though the responses are notably variable and require further investigation. In addition, acute heat stress in C2C12 muscle cells enhanced myotube growth and myogenic fusion, albeit to a lesser degree than growth factor-mediated hypertrophy. Though the mechanisms by which heat stress stimulates hypertrophy-related signaling and the potential mechanistic role of HSPs remain unclear, these findings provide additional evidence implicating heat stress as a novel growth stimulus when combined with resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle and alone in isolated murine muscle cells. We believe these findings will help drive further applied and mechanistic investigation into how heat stress influences muscular hypertrophy and atrophy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that acute resistance exercise followed by whole body heat stress increases the expression of HSPA and increases activation of the Akt-mTOR cascade in a physically active and resistance-trained population.