'Inequalities in prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, anti-hypertensive coverage, awareness, and effective treatment in 429 districts of Iran; a population-based STEPS 2016 small area spatial estimation model'

Esmaeil Mohammadi; Moein Yoosefi; Elaheh Shaker; Elnaz Shahmohamadi; Erfan Ghasemi; Naser Ahmadi; Sina Azadnajafabad; Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi; Nazila Rezaei; Sogol Koolaji; Arezou Dilmaghani-Marand; Sahar Mohammadi Fateh; Ameneh Kazemi; Rosa Haghshenas; Negar Rezaei

doi:10.1007/s40200-023-01186-5

'Inequalities in prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, anti-hypertensive coverage, awareness, and effective treatment in 429 districts of Iran; a population-based STEPS 2016 small area spatial estimation model'

J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2023 May 22;22(2):1095-1103. doi: 10.1007/s40200-023-01186-5. eCollection 2023 Dec.

Authors

Esmaeil Mohammadi¹, Moein Yoosefi¹, Elaheh Shaker¹, Elnaz Shahmohamadi¹, Erfan Ghasemi¹, Naser Ahmadi¹, Sina Azadnajafabad¹, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi¹, Nazila Rezaei^{1

2}, Sogol Koolaji¹, Arezou Dilmaghani-Marand^{1

2}, Sahar Mohammadi Fateh¹, Ameneh Kazemi¹, Rosa Haghshenas¹, Negar Rezaei¹

Affiliations

¹ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 10, Al-e-Ahmad and Chamran Highway intersection, 1411713136 Tehran, Iran.
² Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Purpose: While many studies have reported hypertension (HTN) and pre-hypertension (PHTN) in large geographic locations of Iran, information regarding district levels is missing. We aimed to examine inequalities in the prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension, anti-hypertensive coverage, awareness, and effective treatment of adults in districts of Iran.

Methods: We used 27,165 participants' data from the STEPS 2016 study in Iran. A small area estimation model was carried out to predict HTN in the 429 districts of Iran. HTN and PHTN were defined based on the American Heart Association Guideline. Awareness of being hypertensive, treatment coverage, and effective treatment were also estimated.

Results: HTN's crude prevalence was estimated to be in the range of 11.5-42.2% in districts. About PHTN, it was estimated to be 19.9-56.1%. Moreover, for awareness, treatment coverage, and effective treatment crude estimates ranged from 24.3 to 79.9%, 9.1 - 64.6%, and 19.5 - 68.3%, respectively, indicating inequalities in the distribution of aforementioned variables in 429 districts of Iran. Overall, better conditions were detected in central geographical locations and in females.

Conclusion: The inequality of increased blood pressure disorder and related measures are high in districts of Iran and pave the way for policymakers and local health organizers to use the findings of this study to address the inequity of existing resources and improve HTN control.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01186-5.

Keywords: Effective treatment; Epidemiology; Hypertension; STEPS; Small area estimation.

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