Enhancement of efficiency in CsSnI₃ based perovskite solar cell by numerical modeling of graphene oxide as HTL and ZnMgO as ETL

Perovskite photovoltaics have an immense contribution toward the all-round development of the solar cell. Apart from the flexibility, stability, and high efficiency, more stress has been given to using lead-free as well as eco-friendly, inexpensive materials in the fabrication of PSC devices. The utilization of non-volatile material, such as cesium tin iodide (CsSnI₃), can be proposed for designing the PSC device, which not only makes it eco-friendly but also offers better optoelectronic characteristics due to its smaller bandgap of 1.27 eV. The inclusion of Sn in the perovskite material also functions as an increment in the stability of the perovskite. In the present simulation, CsSnI₃ is used as an active absorber layer while the ZnMgO is used as an ETL for a cost-effective nature. Similarly, graphene oxide (GO) is used as HTL for a superior collection of holes. The comprehensive numerical modeling of the ZnMgO can be utilized in solar cell designing with appropriate CsSnI₃ thickness, working temperature, total defectivity, and resistance impact, respectively. The presently simulated device offers an excellent efficiency of 17.37 % with CsSnI₃-based PSC. These results of the study also show an effective route to develop highly efficient lead-free PSC devices.