Carbon Catalysts Empowering Sustainable Chemical Synthesis via Electrochemical CO₂ Conversion and Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Carbon materials hold significant promise in electrocatalysis, particularly in electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction (eCO₂ RR) and two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e^- ORR). The pivotal factor in achieving exceptional overall catalytic performance in carbon catalysts is the strategic design of specific active sites and nanostructures. This work presents a comprehensive overview of recent developments in carbon electrocatalysts for eCO₂ RR and 2e^- ORR. The creation of active sites through single/dual heteroatom doping, functional group decoration, topological defect, and micro-nano structuring, along with their synergistic effects, is thoroughly examined. Elaboration on the catalytic mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of these active sites is provided. In addition to directly serving as electrocatalysts, this review explores the role of carbon matrix as a support in finely adjusting the reactivity of single-atom molecular catalysts. Finally, the work addresses the challenges and prospects associated with designing and fabricating carbon electrocatalysts, providing valuable insights into the future trajectory of this dynamic field.