Nociceptive, neuropathic, or nociplastic low back pain? The low back pain phenotyping (BACPAP) consortium's international and multidisciplinary consensus recommendations

Affiliations

• ¹ Pain in Motion Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Chronic Pain Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, University Hospital Brussels, Belgium; Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Unit of Physiotherapy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: [email protected].
• ² Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
• ³ Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of General Practice, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• ⁴ Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
• ⁵ Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
• ⁶ Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
• ⁷ School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
• ⁸ Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of General Practice, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health and Center for Muscle and Joint Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
• ⁹ Department of Pain Science, Evidence in Motion, Story City, IA, USA.
• ¹⁰ Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• ¹¹ Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
• ¹² RECOVER Injury Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
• ¹³ Pain in Motion Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Physiotrio, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Research Chair for Healthcare Innovation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
• ¹⁴ Research Chair for Healthcare Innovation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
• ¹⁵ Curtin enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Curtin School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
• ¹⁶ Clinical Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Greece.
• ¹⁷ Pain in Motion Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Pains and Brains specialist pain physiotherapy clinic, Tauranga, New Zealand.
• ¹⁸ Pain in Motion Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
• ¹⁹ Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium.
• ²⁰ School of Allied Health Science and Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
• ²¹ Pain in Motion Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK.
• ²² Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Unit of Physiotherapy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
• ²³ Pain in Motion Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Department of Health Promoting Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden; Medical Unit Medical Psychology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
• ²⁴ University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, School of Health Professions, Institute of Physiotherapy, Winterthur, Switzerland.
• ²⁵ Pain in Motion Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Chronic Pain Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Physiotherapy, University Hospital Brussels, Belgium; Research Foundation-Flanders, Brussels, Belgium.
• ²⁶ Pain in Motion Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Department of Health Promoting Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm, Sweden; University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
• ²⁷ Pain in Motion Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Research Foundation-Flanders, Brussels, Belgium.
• ²⁸ Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Centro Universitário Augusto Motta-UNISUAM, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• ²⁹ Pain in Motion Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Physical Therapy Department of Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
• ³⁰ Pain in Motion Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; University of Applied Sciences, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
• ³¹ Department of Physical Therapy, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA.
• ³² Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Clinics in Rehabilitation, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
• ³³ The Leuven Centre for Algology and Pain Management, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Unit Anaesthesiology and Algology, KU Leuven, Belgium.
• ³⁴ Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Dept of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium.