Genetic alterations in the neuronal development genes are associated with changes of the tumor immune microenvironment in pancreatic cancer

Kaiyi Mu; Juan Fu; Jessica Gai; Harshitha Ravichandran; Lei Zheng; Wei-Chih Sun

doi:10.21037/apc-23-13

Genetic alterations in the neuronal development genes are associated with changes of the tumor immune microenvironment in pancreatic cancer

Ann Pancreat Cancer. 2023 Nov;6(10):10.21037/apc-23-13. doi: 10.21037/apc-23-13. Epub 2023 Nov 20.

Authors

Kaiyi Mu^{1

2

3

4}, Juan Fu^{1

2

3

4}, Jessica Gai^{1

2

3

4}, Harshitha Ravichandran^{1

2

3

4}, Lei Zheng^{1

2

3

4

5}, Wei-Chih Sun^{1

2

3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
² Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
³ Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁴ Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁵ Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Abstract

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a poor prognosis and is highly metastatic. Our prior studies have demonstrated the critical role of axon guidance pathway genes in PDAC and the connection between neuronal development and the tumor microenvironment. A recent study newly identified 20 neuronal development genes [disks large homolog 2 (DLG2), neuron-glial-related cell adhesion molecule (NRCAM), neurexin3 (NRXN3), mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 (MAPK10), platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGFD), protein kinase C epsilon (PRKCE), potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily M alpha 1 (KCNMA1), polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 (PKHD1), neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1), neuregulin-1 (NRG1), zinc finger protein 667 (ZNF667), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), acyl-CoA medium-chain synthetase-3 (ACSM3), complement 6 (C6), protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type M (PTPRM), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1A), adenylyl cyclase 5 (ADCY5), adherens junctions-associated protein 1 (AJAP1), neurobeachin (NBEA), sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 9 (SCN9A)] that are associated with perineural invasion and poor prognosis of PDAC. The relationship between genetic alterations in these 20 genes and tumor immune microenvironment (TME) has not previously been investigated.

Methods: We hence applied the sequential multiplex immunohistochemistry results of biopsy specimens from 63 PDAC patients to investigate this relationship.

Results: We found that, except for PTPRM and NBEA, genetic alterations involving these 20 genes are associated with significant changes in the densities of major immune cell subtypes. Except for AJAP1, the copy number loss involving this panel of neuronal development genes is significantly associated with changes in immune cell infiltrates. In contrast, the copy number gain in fewer genes, including NRXN3, ZNF667, ACSM3, C6, ADCY5, SCN9A, and PRKCE, is significantly associated with changes in immune cell infiltrates.

Conclusions: Our study suggested that neuronal development genes play a role in modulating TME in a pancreatic cancer setting.

Keywords: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); neuronal development genes; tumor immune microenvironment (TME).

Abstract

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