Vitamin D Status in an Italian Pediatric Cohort: Is There a Role for Tobacco Smoking Exposure?

J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2024 Sep 5;16(3):334-339. doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2024.2023-11-16. Epub 2024 Mar 25.

Abstract

Objective: Vitamin D deficiency is a common public health issue worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the vitamin D status and its potential determinants in children residing in Sardinia (40°N), Italy.

Methods: Children were enrolled over a 12-month period. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by an immunochemiluminescence assay. A questionnaire was used to gather information on other variables, including passive smoke exposure.

Results: A total of 182 children (males: 51.7%; median age: 9 years) were included. Mean±standard deviation serum 25(OH)D was 25.2±8.3 ng/mL for the whole group. The majority (n=123, 67.6%) had vitamin D sufficient values >20 ng/mL, while 32.4% (n=59) had vitamin D insufficient/deficient values (≤20 ng/mL). Among the variables investigated, passive smoke exposure was significantly associated with insufficient 25(OH)D levels (p<0.0001).

Conclusion: Our results confirm that hypovitaminosis D is common in Italian children. Furthermore, passive smoke exposure was identified as a significant risk factor for hypovitaminosis D.

Keywords: Vitamin D deficiency; hypovitaminosis D; lifestyle habits; passive smoke exposure.

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • Cohort Studies
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Italy / epidemiology
  • Male
  • Risk Factors
  • Tobacco Smoke Pollution* / adverse effects
  • Tobacco Smoking / adverse effects
  • Tobacco Smoking / blood
  • Tobacco Smoking / epidemiology
  • Vitamin D Deficiency* / blood
  • Vitamin D Deficiency* / epidemiology
  • Vitamin D* / analogs & derivatives
  • Vitamin D* / blood

Substances

  • Vitamin D
  • Tobacco Smoke Pollution
  • 25-hydroxyvitamin D