Challenges and Opportunities in Establishing Appropriate Intermediate Endpoints Reflecting Patient Benefit: A Roadmap for Research and Clinical Application in Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].
• ² Data Science Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-Biostat), University of Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium; International Drug Development Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
• ³ Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Section of Urology, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
• ⁴ Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA, USA.
• ⁵ Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
• ⁶ Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Urology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
• ⁷ Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
• ⁸ South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.