Unraveling the Spectrum of Uveitis: Insights from an Epidemiological Study in a National Referral Center in Northern Italy

Purpose: Uveitis embraces a heterogeneous group of vision-threatening inflammatory conditions. Understanding uveitis epidemiology, etiology, and clinical findings is fundamental for a prompt diagnosis and optimal patient management. The aim of the study is to report the epidemiology of uveitis in a national referral center in Northern Italy and investigate the visual prognosis.

Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at Uveitis Service (Ospedale San Raffaele) between June 2016 and May 2023. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and etiological diagnoses of uveitis patients were collected, and visual prognosis was longitudinally explored.

Results: 1105 patients with uveitis were included in the study, while 47 patients presented neoplastic masquerade syndrome and have been excluded. The population had a slight majority of females (M/F ratio = 0.76), mean age was 47 years. 25% presented infectious uveitis, primarily due to herpetic etiology, toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis. Non-infectious uveitis was the most prevalent diagnosis (38%), with sarcoidosis, HLA-B27-associated uveitis, and Fuch's uveitis as prominent causes. Anatomically, anterior segment was most frequently involved (41%). Significant improvement in visual acuity was observed at follow-up, particularly in patients with infectious uveitis.

Conclusions: Our study sheds light into the epidemiological landscape of uveitis in Northern Italy, reflecting changing patterns due to factors such as migration and changing sexual habits. In particular, higher percentages of syphilis have been observed, compared to other European reports. The distribution of non-infectious uveitis reflects other epidemiological European series. Higher percentages of neoplastic masquerade syndromes support the need of early recognition. Our findings offer precious insights for uveitis epidemiology and daily clinical practice.