Background: Prevention of toilet-to-patient transmission of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR PA) poses management-related challenges at many bone marrow transplant units (BMTUs).
Aim: To conduct a longitudinal retrospective analysis of the toilet-to-patient transmission rate for MDR PA under existing infection control (IC) measures at a BMTU with persistent MDR PA toilet colonization.
Methods: The local IC bundle comprised: (1) patient education regarding IC; (2) routine patient screening; (3) toilet flushing volume of 9 L; (4) bromination of toilet water tanks, and (5) toilet decontamination using hydrogen peroxide. Toilet water was sampled periodically between 2016 and 2021 (minimum every three months: 26 intervals). Upon MDR PA detection, disinfection and re-sampling were repeated until ≤3 cfu/100 mL was reached. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed retrospectively on all available MDR PA isolates (90 out of 117 positive environmental samples, 10 out of 14 patients, including nine nosocomial).
Findings: WGS of patient isolates identified six sequence types (STs), with ST235/CT1352/FIM-1 and ST309/CT3049/no-carbapenemase being predominant (three isolates each). Environmental sampling consistently identified MDR PA ST235 (65.5% ST235/CT1352/FIM-1), showing low genetic diversity (difference of ≤29 alleles by core-genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST)). This indicates that direct toilet-to-patient transmission was infrequent although MDR PA was widespread (detection on 79 occasions, detection in every toilet). Only three MDR PA patient isolates can be attributed to the ST235/CT1352/FIM-1 toilet MRD PA population over six years.
Conclusion: Stringent targeted toilet disinfection can reduce the potential risk for MDR PA acquisition by patients.
Keywords: Genome-oriented infection control; Infection control; Outbreak investigation; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Whole-genome sequencing.
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