Indoor paint life cycle particle release: Safer-by-design products and the importance of choosing the right formula

In 2020, the European Commission published a regulation that states all producers of white paints containing titanium dioxide (TiO₂) must provide a warning label on their products. Exposure during the production and application of products containing TiO₂ can be harmful, and therefore these products must be labeled as "may cause cancer." The paint industry is a major user of TiO₂ pigment. This study focuses on pigment release from three TiO₂-based paints and discusses the effect of paint formulation, more precisely the Pigment Volume Concentration (PVC), to predict TiO₂ pigment release from the paints during a simulated use phase and at the end of life (EoL). The use phase considered mild abrasion of painted panels that simulated cleaning or touching. The EoL phase was studied using leaching tests simulating landfill disposal. TiO₂ release during both activities was evident with a high discrepancy between the three paints. While dry rubbing was similar for all paints, activities involving water present a high release link to paint matrix degradation. The paint pigment volume concentration and the paint permeability determines the TiO₂ release during wet rubbing and leaching. This work represents an attempt to identify the paint permeability as a matrix-related parameter to predict TiO₂ release and a way to use of this parameter to develop safer products.