The progression trajectory of Bipolar Disorder: results from the application of a staging model over a ten-year observation

Background: Trying to better define Bipolar Disorder (BD) progression, different staging models have been conceptualized, each one emphasizing different aspects of illness. In a previous article we retrospectively applied the main staging models to a sample of 100 bipolar patients at four time points over a ten-year observation. In the present study, focusing on Kupka & Hillegers's model, we aimed to assess the transition of the same sample through the different stages of illness and to explore the potential role of clinical variables on the risk of progression.

Methods: Multistate Model using the mstate package in R and Markov model with stratified hazards were used for statistical analysis.

Results: A high hazard of transition from stage 2 to 3 emerged, with a probability of staying in stage 2 decreasing to 14 % after 3 years. BD II was significantly associated with transition from stage 1 to 2, whereas the number of lifetime episodes >3 and the elevated predominant polarity with transition from stage 3 to 4.

Conclusion: Our results corroborated the evidence on BD progression and contributed to outline its trajectory over time. Further effort may help to define a standardized staging approach towards ever increasing tailored interventions.