Search for Periodic Time Variations of the Solar ^{8}B Neutrino Flux between 1996 and 2018 in Super-Kamiokande

K Abe; C Bronner; Y Hayato; K Hiraide; K Hosokawa; K Ieki; M Ikeda; J Kameda; Y Kanemura; R Kaneshima; Y Kashiwagi; Y Kataoka; S Miki; S Mine; M Miura; S Moriyama; Y Nakano; M Nakahata; S Nakayama; Y Noguchi; K Sato; H Sekiya; H Shiba; K Shimizu; M Shiozawa; Y Sonoda; Y Suzuki; A Takeda; Y Takemoto; H Tanaka; T Yano; S Han; T Kajita; K Okumura; T Tashiro; T Tomiya; X Wang; S Yoshida; P Fernandez; L Labarga; N Ospina; B Zaldivar; B W Pointon; E Kearns; J L Raaf; L Wan; T Wester; J Bian; N J Griskevich; S Locke; M B Smy; H W Sobel; V Takhistov; A Yankelevich; J Hill; S H Lee; D H Moon; R G Park; M C Jang; B Bodur; K Scholberg; C W Walter; A Beauchêne; O Drapier; A Giampaolo; Th A Mueller; A D Santos; P Paganini; B Quilain; T Nakamura; J S Jang; L N Machado; J G Learned; K Choi; N Iovine; S Cao; L H V Anthony; D Martin; N W Prouse; M Scott; A A Sztuc; Y Uchida; V Berardi; M G Catanesi; E Radicioni; N F Calabria; A Langella; G De Rosa; G Collazuol; F Iacob; M Mattiazzi; L Ludovici; M Gonin; G Pronost; C Fujisawa; Y Maekawa; Y Nishimura; R Okazaki; R Akutsu; M Friend; T Hasegawa; T Ishida; T Kobayashi; M Jakkapu; T Matsubara; T Nakadaira; K Nakamura; Y Oyama; K Sakashita; T Sekiguchi; T Tsukamoto; N Bhuiyan; G T Burton; F Di Lodovico; J Gao; A Goldsack; T Katori; J Migenda; Z Xie; R M Ramsden; S Zsoldos; A T Suzuki; Y Takagi; H Zhong; Y Takeuchi; J Feng; L Feng; J R Hu; Z Hu; T Kikawa; M Mori; M Kawaue; T Nakaya; R A Wendell; K Yasutome; S J Jenkins; N McCauley; P Mehta; A Tarant; Y Fukuda; Y Itow; H Menjo; K Ninomiya; Y Yoshioka; J Lagoda; S M Lakshmi; M Mandal; P Mijakowski; Y S Prabhu; J Zalipska; M Jia; J Jiang; C K Jung; M J Wilking; C Yanagisawa; W Shi; M Harada; Y Hino; H Ishino; Y Koshio; F Nakanishi; S Sakai; T Tada; T Tano; T Ishizuka; G Barr; D Barrow; L Cook; S Samani; D Wark; A Holin; F Nova; B S Yang; J Y Yang; J Yoo; S Jung; J E P Fannon; L Kneale; M Malek; J M McElwee; M D Thiesse; L F Thompson; S T Wilson; H Okazawa; S B Kim; E Kwon; J W Seo; I Yu; A K Ichikawa; K D Nakamura; S Tairafune; K Nishijima; A Eguchi; K Nakagiri; Y Nakajima; S Shima; N Taniuchi; E Watanabe; M Yokoyama; P de Perio; S Fujita; K Martens; K M Tsui; M R Vagins; J Xia; S Izumiyama; M Kuze; R Matsumoto; M Ishitsuka; H Ito; Y Ommura; N Shigeta; M Shinoki; K Yamauchi; T Yoshida; R Gaur; V Gousy-Leblanc; M Hartz; A Konaka; X Li; S Chen; B D Xu; B Zhang; M Posiadala-Zezula; S B Boyd; R Edwards; D Hadley; M Nicholson; M O'Flaherty; B Richards; A Ali; B Jamieson; S Amanai; Ll Marti; A Minamino; S Suzuki; Super-Kamiokande Collaboration

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.241803

Search for Periodic Time Variations of the Solar ^{8}B Neutrino Flux between 1996 and 2018 in Super-Kamiokande

Phys Rev Lett. 2024 Jun 14;132(24):241803. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.241803.

Authors

K Abe^{1

2}, C Bronner¹, Y Hayato^{1

2}, K Hiraide^{1

2}, K Hosokawa¹, K Ieki^{1

2}, M Ikeda^{1

2}, J Kameda^{1

2}, Y Kanemura¹, R Kaneshima¹, Y Kashiwagi¹, Y Kataoka^{1

2}, S Miki¹, S Mine^{1

3}, M Miura^{1

2}, S Moriyama^{1

2}, Y Nakano¹, M Nakahata^{1

2}, S Nakayama^{1

2}, Y Noguchi¹, K Sato¹, H Sekiya^{1

2}, H Shiba¹, K Shimizu¹, M Shiozawa^{1

2}, Y Sonoda¹, Y Suzuki¹, A Takeda^{1

2}, Y Takemoto^{1

2}, H Tanaka^{1

2}, T Yano¹, S Han⁴, T Kajita^{4

5

2}, K Okumura^{4

2}, T Tashiro⁴, T Tomiya⁴, X Wang⁴, S Yoshida⁴, P Fernandez⁶, L Labarga⁶, N Ospina⁶, B Zaldivar⁶, B W Pointon^{7

8}, E Kearns^{9

2}, J L Raaf⁹, L Wan⁹, T Wester⁹, J Bian³, N J Griskevich³, S Locke³, M B Smy^{3

2}, H W Sobel^{3

2}, V Takhistov^{3

10}, A Yankelevich³, J Hill¹¹, S H Lee¹², D H Moon¹², R G Park¹², M C Jang¹², B Bodur¹³, K Scholberg^{13

2}, C W Walter^{13

2}, A Beauchêne¹⁴, O Drapier¹⁴, A Giampaolo¹⁴, Th A Mueller¹⁴, A D Santos¹⁴, P Paganini¹⁴, B Quilain¹⁴, T Nakamura¹⁵, J S Jang¹⁶, L N Machado¹⁷, J G Learned¹⁸, K Choi¹⁹, N Iovine¹⁹, S Cao²⁰, L H V Anthony²¹, D Martin²¹, N W Prouse²¹, M Scott²¹, A A Sztuc²¹, Y Uchida²¹, V Berardi²², M G Catanesi²², E Radicioni²², N F Calabria²³, A Langella²³, G De Rosa²³, G Collazuol²⁴, F Iacob²⁴, M Mattiazzi²⁴, L Ludovici²⁵, M Gonin⁵, G Pronost⁵, C Fujisawa²⁶, Y Maekawa²⁶, Y Nishimura²⁶, R Okazaki²⁶, R Akutsu¹⁰, M Friend¹⁰, T Hasegawa¹⁰, T Ishida¹⁰, T Kobayashi¹⁰, M Jakkapu¹⁰, T Matsubara¹⁰, T Nakadaira¹⁰, K Nakamura^{10

2}, Y Oyama¹⁰, K Sakashita¹⁰, T Sekiguchi¹⁰, T Tsukamoto¹⁰, N Bhuiyan²⁷, G T Burton²⁷, F Di Lodovico²⁷, J Gao²⁷, A Goldsack²⁷, T Katori²⁷, J Migenda²⁷, Z Xie²⁷, R M Ramsden²⁷, S Zsoldos^{27

2}, A T Suzuki²⁸, Y Takagi²⁸, H Zhong²⁸, Y Takeuchi^{28

2}, J Feng²⁹, L Feng²⁹, J R Hu²⁹, Z Hu²⁹, T Kikawa²⁹, M Mori²⁹, M Kawaue²⁹, T Nakaya^{29

2}, R A Wendell^{29

2}, K Yasutome²⁹, S J Jenkins³⁰, N McCauley³⁰, P Mehta³⁰, A Tarant³⁰, Y Fukuda³¹, Y Itow^{32

33}, H Menjo³², K Ninomiya³², Y Yoshioka³², J Lagoda³⁴, S M Lakshmi³⁴, M Mandal³⁴, P Mijakowski³⁴, Y S Prabhu³⁴, J Zalipska³⁴, M Jia³⁵, J Jiang³⁵, C K Jung³⁵, M J Wilking³⁵, C Yanagisawa³⁵, W Shi³⁵, M Harada³⁶, Y Hino³⁶, H Ishino³⁶, Y Koshio^{36

2}, F Nakanishi³⁶, S Sakai³⁶, T Tada³⁶, T Tano³⁶, T Ishizuka³⁷, G Barr³⁸, D Barrow³⁸, L Cook^{38

2}, S Samani³⁸, D Wark^{38

39}, A Holin⁴⁰, F Nova⁴⁰, B S Yang⁴¹, J Y Yang⁴¹, J Yoo⁴¹, S Jung⁴¹, J E P Fannon⁴², L Kneale⁴², M Malek⁴², J M McElwee⁴², M D Thiesse⁴², L F Thompson⁴², S T Wilson⁴², H Okazawa⁴³, S B Kim⁴⁴, E Kwon⁴⁴, J W Seo⁴⁴, I Yu⁴⁴, A K Ichikawa⁴⁵, K D Nakamura⁴⁵, S Tairafune⁴⁵, K Nishijima⁴⁶, A Eguchi⁴⁷, K Nakagiri⁴⁷, Y Nakajima^{47

2}, S Shima⁴⁷, N Taniuchi⁴⁷, E Watanabe⁴⁷, M Yokoyama^{47

2}, P de Perio², S Fujita², K Martens², K M Tsui², M R Vagins^{3

2}, J Xia², S Izumiyama⁴⁸, M Kuze⁴⁸, R Matsumoto⁴⁸, M Ishitsuka⁴⁹, H Ito⁴⁹, Y Ommura⁴⁹, N Shigeta⁴⁹, M Shinoki⁴⁹, K Yamauchi⁴⁹, T Yoshida⁴⁹, R Gaur⁸, V Gousy-Leblanc⁸, M Hartz⁸, A Konaka⁸, X Li⁸, S Chen⁵⁰, B D Xu⁵⁰, B Zhang⁵⁰, M Posiadala-Zezula⁵¹, S B Boyd⁵², R Edwards⁵², D Hadley⁵², M Nicholson⁵², M O'Flaherty⁵², B Richards⁵², A Ali^{8

53}, B Jamieson⁵³, S Amanai⁵⁴, Ll Marti⁵⁴, A Minamino⁵⁴, S Suzuki⁵⁴; Super-Kamiokande Collaboration

Affiliations

¹ Kamioka Observatory, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kamioka, Gifu 506-1205, Japan.
² Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan.
³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4575, USA.
⁴ Research Center for Cosmic Neutrinos, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan.
⁵ ILANCE, CNRS - University of Tokyo International Research Laboratory, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan.
⁶ Department of Theoretical Physics, University Autonoma Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
⁷ Department of Physics, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, British Columbia V5G 3H2, Canada.
⁸ TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T2A3, Canada.
⁹ Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
¹⁰ High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.
¹¹ Department of Physics, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, California 90747, USA.
¹² Institute for Universe and Elementary Particles, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
¹³ Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
¹⁴ Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, F-91120 Palaiseau, France.
¹⁵ Department of Physics, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
¹⁶ GIST College, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea.
¹⁷ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
¹⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.
¹⁹ Center for Underground Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Korea.
²⁰ Institute For Interdisciplinary Research in Science and Education, ICISE, Quy Nhon 55121, Vietnam.
²¹ Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
²² Dipartimento Interuniversitario di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Bari and Università e Politecnico di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
²³ Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Napoli and Università di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy.
²⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica, INFN Sezione di Padova and Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
²⁵ INFN Sezione di Roma and Università di Roma "La Sapienza", I-00185 Roma, Italy.
²⁶ Department of Physics, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan.
²⁷ Department of Physics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom.
²⁸ Department of Physics, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
²⁹ Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
³⁰ Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom.
³¹ Department of Physics, Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan.
³² Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
³³ Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.
³⁴ National Centre For Nuclear Research, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
³⁵ Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.
³⁶ Department of Physics, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
³⁷ Media Communication Center, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8530, Japan.
³⁸ Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.
³⁹ STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, and Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington OX11 0QX, United Kingdom.
⁴⁰ Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxford OX11 0QX, United Kingdom.
⁴¹ Department of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
⁴² Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom.
⁴³ Department of Informatics in Social Welfare, Shizuoka University of Welfare, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-8611, Japan.
⁴⁴ Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
⁴⁵ Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
⁴⁶ Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
⁴⁷ Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
⁴⁸ Department of Physics,Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
⁴⁹ Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
⁵⁰ Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
⁵¹ Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-093, Poland.
⁵² Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
⁵³ Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 3L8, Canada.
⁵⁴ Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan.

PMID: 38949341
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.241803

Abstract

We report a search for time variations of the solar ^{8}B neutrino flux using 5804 live days of Super-Kamiokande data collected between May 31, 1996, and May 30, 2018. Super-Kamiokande measured the precise time of each solar neutrino interaction over 22 calendar years to search for solar neutrino flux modulations with unprecedented precision. Periodic modulations are searched for in a dataset comprising five-day interval solar neutrino flux measurements with a maximum likelihood method. We also applied the Lomb-Scargle method to this dataset to compare it with previous reports. The only significant modulation found is due to the elliptic orbit of the Earth around the Sun. The observed modulation is consistent with astronomical data: we measured an eccentricity of (1.53±0.35)%, and a perihelion shift of (-1.5±13.5) days.