Short transmembrane domains target type II proteins to the Golgi apparatus and type I proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum

Transmembrane domains (TMDs) contain information targeting membrane proteins to various compartments of the secretory pathway. In previous studies, short or hydrophilic TMDs have been shown to target membrane proteins either to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or to the Golgi apparatus. However, the basis for differential sorting to the ER and to the Golgi apparatus remained unclear. To clarify this point, we quantitatively analyzed the intracellular targeting of a collection of proteins exhibiting a single TMD. Our results reveal that membrane topology is a major targeting element in the early secretory pathway: type I proteins with a short TMD are targeted to the ER, and type II proteins to the Golgi apparatus. A combination of three features accounts for the sorting of simple membrane proteins in the secretory pathway: membrane topology, length and hydrophilicity of the TMD, and size of the cytosolic domain. By clarifying the rules governing sorting to the ER and to the Golgi apparatus, our study could revive the search for sorting mechanisms in the early secretory pathway.