Relationship between clonal evolution and drug resistance in bladder cancer: A genomic research review

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
• ² Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
• ³ The Fourth Corps of Students of the Basic Medical College, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
• ⁴ Department of Pathology, Ningbo Clinical Pathology Diagnosis Center, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province 315211, China.
• ⁵ Department of Public Research Platform, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China.
• ⁶ Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
• ⁷ Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
• ⁸ Department of Urology, Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, Wanzhou 404000, China.
• ⁹ Department of Urology, Kyung Hee University, South Korea.
• ¹⁰ Department of Urology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China.
• ¹¹ Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London W1W 7TS, UK; Basic and Translational Cancer Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
• ¹² Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR China. Electronic address: [email protected].
• ¹³ Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London W1W 7TS, UK. Electronic address: [email protected].
• ¹⁴ Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. Electronic address: [email protected].
• ¹⁵ Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London W1W 7TS, UK. Electronic address: [email protected].