Correlation of brain tissue volume loss with inflammatory biomarkers IL1β, P-tau, T-tau, and NLPR3 in the aging cognitively impaired population

Background: Blood inflammatory biomarkers have emerged as important tools for diagnosing, assessing treatment responses, and predicting neurodegenerative diseases. This study evaluated the associations between blood inflammatory biomarkers and brain tissue volume loss in elderly people.

Methods: This study included 111 participants (age 67.86 ± 8.29 years; 32 men and 79 women). A battery of the following blood inflammatory biomarkers was measured, including interleukin 1-beta (IL1β), NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), monomer Aβ42 (mAβ), oligomeric Aβ42 (oAβ), miR155, neurite outgrowth inhibitor A (nogo-A), phosphorylated tau (P-tau), and total tau (T-tau). Three-dimensional T1-weight images (3D T1WI) of all participants were prospectively obtained and segmented into gray matter and white matter to measure the gray matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV), and gray-white matter boundary tissue volume (gwBTV). The association between blood biomarkers and tissue volumes was assessed using voxel-based and region-of-interest analyses.

Results: GMV and gwBTV significantly decreased as the levels of IL1β and T-tau increased, while no significant association was found between the level of P-tau and the three brain tissue volumes. Three brain tissue volumes were negatively correlated with the levels of IL1β, P-tau, and T-tau in the hippocampus. Specifically, IL1β and T-tau levels showed a distinct negative association with the three brain tissue volume losses in the hippocampus. In addition, gwBTV was negatively associated with the level of NLRP3.

Conclusion: The observed association between brain tissue volume loss and elevated levels of IL1β and T-tau suggests that these biomarkers in the blood may serve as potential biomarkers of cognitive impairment in elderly people. Thus, IL1β and T-tau could be used to assess disease severity and monitor treatment response after diagnosis in elderly people who are at risk of cognitive decline.