Advantages of Lissamine Green Vital Staining as an Endpoint in Dry Eye Clinical Trials

John D Rodriguez; Samantha Kerti; Adam Hamm; George W Ousler; Ethan Bensinger; Sadie Burnham; Mark B Abelson

doi:10.2147/OPTH.S468457

Advantages of Lissamine Green Vital Staining as an Endpoint in Dry Eye Clinical Trials

Clin Ophthalmol. 2024 Aug 6:18:2193-2203. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S468457. eCollection 2024.

Authors

John D Rodriguez^{1

2}, Samantha Kerti³, Adam Hamm³, George W Ousler¹, Ethan Bensinger^{1

2}, Sadie Burnham^{1

2}, Mark B Abelson^{1

2

4

5}

Affiliations

¹ Ora, Inc, Andover, MA, USA.
² Andover Eye Institute, Andover, MA, USA.
³ Statistics and Data Corporation, Tempe, AZ, USA.
⁴ Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁵ Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.

Abstract

Purpose: The absence of a standardized diagnostic method for clinical signs of Dry Eye Disease (DED) complicates clinical trials for future treatments. This paper evaluated Lissamine Green (LG) conjunctival staining as a valid, stable and modifiable endpoint for both clinical practice and clinical trials.

Methods: Screening and pre-randomization data from two identically designed clinical trials for DED resulted in a pooled dataset of 494 subjects. Inclusion was based on reported symptoms, lissamine green (LG) conjunctival staining, Fluorescein (Fl) corneal and conjunctival staining, and Schirmer's Test (ST). Outcome measures were assessed based on the modifiability of LG staining to exposure to a Controlled Adverse Environment (CAE^®), correlation of LG to Fl staining, relative variation of LG staining scores and Schirmer test scores, and the correlation of LG staining with symptom scores.

Results: The modifiability of LG conjunctival staining to environmental exposure was demonstrated, with nasal LG and FL staining displaying the most similar percent change. Nasal LG conjunctival staining scores for subjects with ST scores of less than 8mm were significantly higher than for subjects with ST greater than 8mm. LG staining scores were more consistent (25% change from baseline threshold) than ST scores. Finally, statistically significant correlations were found between LG staining and a number of symptom scores.

Conclusion: This evaluation demonstrates the superiority of the utilization of a clinical endpoint focused on ocular surface damage. The reproducibility and modifiability of LG conjunctival staining to controlled adverse environment, coupled with its significant correlation with symptoms, positions it as an exemplary clinical sign endpoint for clinical management and in clinical trials. Our findings advocate for the adoption of LG conjunctival staining as a primary endpoint in both clinical research and drug development, offering a more effective means of identifying and addressing ocular surface damage in the realm of DED.

Keywords: conjunctiva; controlled adverse environment; disease models; drug screening; dry eye; dry eye disease; efficacy endpoints; lissamine green clinical trials; stain.