Intra-operative pyloric BOTOX injection versus pyloric surgery for prevention of delayed gastric emptying after esophagectomy

Surg Endosc. 2024 Oct;38(10):6046-6052. doi: 10.1007/s00464-024-11151-9. Epub 2024 Aug 12.

Abstract

Background: Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is a common complication after esophagectomy. BOTOX injections and pyloric surgeries (PS), including pyloroplasty (PP) and pyloromyotomy (PM), are performed intraoperatively as prophylaxis against DGE. This study compares the effects of pyloric BOTOX injection and PS for preventing DGE post-esophagectomy.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed Moffitt's IRB-approved database of 1364 esophagectomies, identifying 475 patients receiving BOTOX or PS during esophageal resection. PS was further divided into PP and PM. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and postoperative outcomes were compared using Chi-Square, Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon rank-sum, and ANOVA. Propensity-score matching was performed between BOTOX and PP cohorts.

Results: 238 patients received BOTOX, 108 received PP, and 129 received PM. Most BOTOX patients underwent fully minimally invasive robotic Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy (81.1% vs 1.7%) while most PS patients underwent hybrid open/Robotic Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy (95.7% vs 13.0%). Anastomotic leak (p = 0.57) and pneumonia (p = 0.75) were comparable between groups. However, PS experienced lower DGE rates (15.9% vs 9.3%; p = 0.04) while BOTOX patients had less postoperative weight loss (9.7 vs 11.45 kg; p = 0.02). After separating PP from PM, leak (p = 0.72) and pneumonia (p = 0.07) rates remained similar. However, PP patients had the lowest DGE incidence (1.9% vs 15.7% vs 15.9%; p = < 0.001) and the highest bile reflux rates (2.8% vs 0% vs 0.4%; p = 0.04). Between matched cohorts of 91 patients, PP had lower DGE rates (18.7% vs 1.1%; p = < 0.001) and less weight loss (9.8 vs 11.4 kg; p = < 0.001). Other complications were comparable (all p > 0.05). BOTOX was consistently associated with shorter LOS compared to PS (all p = < 0.001).

Conclusion: PP demonstrates lower rates of DGE in unmatched and matched analyses. Compared to BOTOX, PS is linked to reduced DGE rates. While BOTOX is associated with more favorable LOS, this may be attributable to difference in operative approach. PP improves DGE rates after esophagectomy without improving other postoperative complications.

Keywords: Delayed gastric emptying; Esophageal cancer; Propensity score matching; Pyloric BOTOX injection; Pyloromyotomy; Pyloroplasty.

Publication types

  • Comparative Study

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Anastomotic Leak / epidemiology
  • Anastomotic Leak / etiology
  • Anastomotic Leak / prevention & control
  • Botulinum Toxins, Type A* / administration & dosage
  • Esophagectomy* / adverse effects
  • Esophagectomy* / methods
  • Female
  • Gastric Emptying / drug effects
  • Gastroparesis / etiology
  • Gastroparesis / prevention & control
  • Humans
  • Injections
  • Intraoperative Care / methods
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Postoperative Complications* / epidemiology
  • Postoperative Complications* / etiology
  • Postoperative Complications* / prevention & control
  • Propensity Score
  • Pyloromyotomy / methods
  • Pylorus* / surgery
  • Retrospective Studies

Substances

  • Botulinum Toxins, Type A