Unraveling Alpha-Gal Syndrome: A Case Study of a Rare Meat Allergy

Allergies are a very common pathology and their manifestations consist of a spectrum of presentations, ranging from minimal discomfort like a runny nose to lethal reactions like anaphylaxis and death. Meat allergy is not a very common form of allergy, even though there is a relatively high level of meat consumption. One of the rare forms of non-primate mammalian meat allergy is alpha-gal syndrome (AGS). It is related to IgE antibodies specific for galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal). It is triggered in sensitized individuals due to multiple bites of lone star tick bites (Amblyomma americanum). Here we present a 63-year-old male with a complaint of recurrent hives and tongue swelling, developed recently after traveling to Twinsburg, OH. There is no significant history of any allergic conditions. Vital signs were stable with a normal physical examination. The patient had normal routine labs including eosinophil count, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), iron panel, and negative HIV. Allergy testing showed normal total IgE but increased levels of IgE for allergens like beef, lamb, and pork (18.4, 6.71, and 7.62 respectively) and greatly increased levels of IgE for alpha-gal (42.7). Sensitization to alpha-gal can cause delayed allergic symptoms upon consuming various non-primate mammalian types of meat, particularly beef, pork, and lamb. Conditions like AGS are rare and can be missed as an initial diagnosis in many patients. A high degree of vigilance is required to diagnose such conditions.