Creating a bone homeostasis microenvironment that balances osteogenesis and immunity is a substantial challenge for bone regeneration. Here, we prepared an immunomodulatory and osteogenic bacterial cellulose scaffold (FOBS) via a facile one-pot approach. The aldehyde groups were generated via selective oxidation of the hydroxyl groups of bacterial cellulose, offering the bonding sites for dopamine through a Schiff base reaction. At the same time, the deposition of Ca2+ and PO43- was promoted on the aldehyde cellulose scaffold because of the high affinity of the catechol moiety for Ca2+. Compared with that of the unmodified scaffold, the hydroxyapatite content of FOBS increased by 47.1 % according to the ICP results. Interestingly, FOBS regulated the immune microenvironment to accelerate the conversion of M1 to M2 macrophages. The expressions of ARG-1 and Dectin-1 (M2) in the FOBS group increased by >100 %. The expression of osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was also upregulated. In a rat cranial defect model, the BV/TV of FOBS was significantly increased. Further immunohistochemical analysis revealed that an improved immune microenvironment promoted the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells in vivo. This work provides an effective and easy-to-operate strategy for the development of the bone tissue engineering scaffolds.
Keywords: Bacterial cellulose; Bone regeneration; Dopamine; Immunomodulation; Mineralization.
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