Resistant Hypertension: A Brief Review of Pathophysiology

A 52-year-old male comes to the internal medicine clinic for a follow-up for the management of hypertension. He was initially diagnosed with hypertension 5 years ago. His other past medical history includes obesity and hyperlipidemia. His current medications currently include losartan 100 mg daily, hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, and amlodipine 10 mg. His physical exam is significant for an elevated in-office blood pressure of 160/105 mmHg, BMI 38, and neck circumference > 40 cm. He also reports snoring at night and having significant daytime sleepiness despite getting over 8 hours of sleep each night. This patient meets the most recent diagnostic criteria per the American Heart Association for resistant hypertension. Resistant hypertension is an increasingly prevalent phenotype encountered in both primary care and subspecialty clinics. Multiple comorbidities, including obesity, sleep apnea, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus, are associated with resistant hypertension. Our understanding of the potential etiologies for this condition continues to evolve rapidly. We used a narrative review to explore four research areas in the pathophysiology of resistant hypertension (the sympathetic nervous system, aldosterone excess, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation) and explore the novel therapies currently in development.