Host genetic and immune factors drive evasion of HIV-1 pathogenesis in viremic non-progressors

Background: Viremic non-progressors (VNPs) represent an exceptional and uncommon subset of people with HIV-1, characterized by the remarkable preservation of normal CD4⁺ T cell counts despite uncontrolled viral replication-a trait reminiscent of natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus. The mechanisms orchestrating evasion from HIV-1 pathogenesis in human VNPs remain elusive, primarily due to the absence of integrative studies.

Methods: We implemented a novel single-cell and multiomics approach to comprehensively characterize viral, genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic factors driving this exceedingly rare disease phenotype in 16 VNPs and 29 HIV+ progressors.

Findings: Genetic predisposition to the VNP phenotype was evidenced by a higher prevalence of CCR5Δ32 heterozygosity, which was associated with lower levels of CCR5 expression and a lower frequency of infected cells in peripheral circulation. We also observed reduced levels of plasma markers of intestinal disruption and attenuated interferon responses in VNPs. These factors potentially drive the other phenotypic traits of immune preservation in this population, including the unaltered tryptophan metabolic profile, reduced activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes, and reduced bystander CD4⁺ T cell apoptosis.

Conclusions: In summary, our comprehensive analysis identified intricate factors collectively associated with the unique immunovirological equilibrium in VNPs, shedding light on potential avenues for therapeutic exploration in managing HIV pathogenesis.

Funding: The work was supported by funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).