F1Fo ATP synthase is a molecular rotary motor that can generate ATP using a transmembrane proton motive force. Isolated F1-ATPase catalytic cores can hydrolyse ATP, passing through a series of conformational states involving rotation of the central γ rotor subunit and the opening and closing of the catalytic β subunits. Cooperativity in F1-ATPase has long thought to be conferred through the γ subunit, with three key interaction sites between the γ and β subunits being identified. Single molecule studies have demonstrated that the F1 complexes lacking the γ axle still "rotate" and hydrolyse ATP, but with less efficiency. We solved the cryogenic electron microscopy structure of an axle-less Bacillus sp. PS3 F1-ATPase. The unexpected binding-dwell conformation of the structure in combination with the observed lack of interactions between the axle-less γ and the open β subunit suggests that the complete γ subunit is important for coordinating efficient ATP binding of F1-ATPase.
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