Background: Understanding the relationship between muscle mass, muscle strength, and bone density in older adults is crucial for addressing age-related conditions like osteoporosis and sarcopenia. This review aims to evaluate the relationship between muscle mass and muscle strength with bone density in older adults.
Methods: This systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines, involved a comprehensive search across seven databases from 2014 to April 2024. Included were observational studies in English and Indonesian on adults aged 60 and older. The AXIS tool assessed the risk of bias, and the GRADE framework evaluated the evidence quality. Study selection was independently reviewed, and consensus was reached through discussion.
Results: Ten studies were included. For muscle mass and bone density, five studies showed a significant association, while four did not. For muscle strength and bone density, four of seven studies reported a significant association. However, the evidence quality was low due to inconsistency.
Conclusions: The relationship between muscle mass, muscle strength, and bone density in older adults shows variability and inconsistent evidence.
Keywords: bone density; muscle mass; muscle strength; older adults; systematic review.