Education and training of thoracic and cardiovascular surgeons: Academic aspects in France

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Cardiac Surgery, Pitié Salpétrière University Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; IHU ICAN, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; AJCTCV, 56 Bd Vincent Auriol, Paris, France. Electronic address: [email protected].
• ² AJCTCV, 56 Bd Vincent Auriol, Paris, France; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France.
• ³ AJCTCV, 56 Bd Vincent Auriol, Paris, France; Department of Cardiac Surgery, CHU Lille, Institut Coeur-Poumons, Lille, France.
• ⁴ AJCTCV, 56 Bd Vincent Auriol, Paris, France; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France; Department of Anatomy, University of Burgundy Medical School, Dijon, France.
• ⁵ AJCTCV, 56 Bd Vincent Auriol, Paris, France; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lung Transplantation and Esophageal Diseases, North Hospital, Marseille, France.
• ⁶ AJCTCV, 56 Bd Vincent Auriol, Paris, France; Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Angers, Angers, France.
• ⁷ AJCTCV, 56 Bd Vincent Auriol, Paris, France; Department of Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Bichat Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.
• ⁸ AJCTCV, 56 Bd Vincent Auriol, Paris, France; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation, Louis Pradel Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.