Cigarette butts in Vietnam's marine environments: From pollution to solutions and prospects

Cigarette butts contain over 4000 toxic chemicals, including nicotine, tar, and heavy metals. More than 90 % of cigarettes sold today feature single-use plastic filters composed of cellulose acetate fibers and various additives. Cigarette butts are hazardous waste that pose significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Littered cigarette butts can act as an essential vehicle for toxic chemicals in the water environment. Cigarette butts contribute to gradual environmental degradation by releasing heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As). Recent reports highlight the alarming increase in cigarette butt pollution on beaches, emphasizing the significance of commercial cigarette filters as single-use plastics and the primary contributors to this environmental threat. Given their potential toxicity, the research community has increasingly focused on understanding the profound impact of cigarette butt pollution on freshwater bodies, marine ecosystems, and terrestrial environments. However, there remains a considerable gap in knowledge regarding the extent of cigarette butt pollution, especially on Vietnam's beaches. While cigarette butts are a pervasive form of litter globally, little is known about their environmental effects, accumulation patterns, potential toxicity, and impacts on the coastline of Vietnam. This underscores the need for an in-depth investigation into this issue, expressing disappointment over the limited research conducted in coastal areas thus far. This article advocates for active participation from the scientific community to bridge this gap, asserting that collaborative research efforts will bring attention to and address the critical issue of cigarette butt pollution in Vietnam's regions and potential harm to natural ecosystems. Furthermore, enhancing research efforts to understand and mitigate cigarette butt pollution on Vietnam's beaches is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs).