From structure to therapy: the critical influence of cartilaginous endplates and microvascular network on intervertebral disc degeneration

Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2024 Oct 28:12:1489420. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1489420. eCollection 2024.

Abstract

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is the largest avascular structure in the human body. The cartilaginous endplate (CEP) is a layer of translucent cartilage located at the upper and lower edges of the vertebral bodies. On one hand, CEPs endure pressure from within the IVD and the tensile and shear forces of the annulus fibrosus, promoting uniform distribution of compressive loads on the vertebral bodies. On the other hand, microvascular diffusion channels within the CEP serve as the primary routes for nutrient supply to the IVD and the transport of metabolic waste. Degenerated CEP, characterized by increased stiffness, decreased permeability, and reduced water content, impairs substance transport and mechanical response within the IVD, ultimately leading to intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Insufficient nutrition of the IVD has long been considered the initiating factor of IDD, with CEP degeneration regarded as an early contributing factor. Additionally, CEP degeneration is frequently accompanied by Modic changes, which are common manifestations in the progression of IDD. Therefore, this paper comprehensively reviews the structure and physiological functions of CEP and its role in the cascade of IDD, exploring the intrinsic relationship between CEP degeneration and Modic changes from various perspectives. Furthermore, we summarize recent potential therapeutic approaches targeting CEP to delay IDD, offering new insights into the pathological mechanisms and regenerative repair strategies for IDD.

Keywords: Modic changes; cartilage endplate; intervertebral disc degeneration; microvessels; nutrient diffusion.

Publication types

  • Review

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This article was financially supported by a grant from The National Natural Science Foundation of China (82174402) and Hunan Natural Science Foundation (2023JJ40504).