Feedstock recycling of polycarbonate waste via thermochemical conversion supported by municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash

The rising demand for plastics has driven up its production, causing severe environmental challenges like CO₂ emissions and microplastic pollution. Furthermore, improper disposal of incinerator bottom ash (IBA), a byproduct of municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment, poses additional environmental risks. This study explores a method for recovering non-petroleum-based monomers from plastic products. A smartphone case waste (SCW) is used as feedstock in this study and it is made of polycarbonate (PC), confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The MSW incinerator bottom ash (MSW-IBA) is used as a catalyst for thermochemical conversion of SCW. To determine the optimal pyrolysis conditions for BPA recovery, experiments were conducted under different atmosphere (N₂ and CO₂) and catalyst configurations (in situ and ex situ). The MSW-IBA leads to 127% higher yield of bisphenol A (BPA), the monomer of PC, at 600 °C under a N₂ atmosphere, compared to non-catalytic conversion. In situ configuration of the catalyst loading leads to up to 147% higher BPA yield than ex situ configuration. The increased BPA production from SCW is most likely because metal oxides (e.g., CaO) present on the MSW-IBA catalyst promotes the cleavage of and C-O bonds, dissociation of CO (or CO₂) and hydrogen extraction from C₁-C₃ hydrocarbon and H₂. For the catalytic conversion of SCW under a CO₂ atmosphere, CO₂ adsorbs onto CaO in the MSW-IBA, decreasing the number of active sites. It deactivates the catalyst, resulting in a lower BPA yield (22.96 wt%) than the BPA yield obtained under the N₂ atmosphere (25.86 wt%).