Tranexamic Acid Is Safe in Arthroplasty Patients Who Have a History of Venous Thromboembolism: An Analysis Accounting for Surgeon Selection Bias

Background: Retrospective data supporting the use of tranexamic acid (TXA) among high-risk total joint arthroplasty (TJA) patients are limited by surgeon selection bias. This study sought to evaluate the thromboembolic risk associated with TXA administration among elective arthroplasty patients who have history of venous thromboembolism while accounting for surgeon selection.

Methods: A healthcare database was retrospectively queried from 2015 to 2021 to identify all patients who had a history of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism who underwent elective TJA. Patients were categorized into two cohorts: (1) patients treated by a surgeon who used TXA in 0 to 30% of cases; and (2) patients treated by a surgeon who used TXA in 90 to 100% of cases. Patients were assessed based on the surgeon who treated them rather than their exposure to TXA. Demographics, comorbidities, and the incidence of 90-day postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Multivariable and instrumental variable analysis using surgeon as an instrument were conducted to account for confounding factors.

Results: In total, 70,759 high-risk elective TJA patients were identified, of which 7,190 (10.2%) were performed by surgeons in the infrequent-TXA cohort and 9,478 (13.4%) were performed by surgeons in the frequent-TXA cohort. On instrumental variable analysis, patients treated by surgeons in the frequent-TXA cohort had a lower risk of aggregate bleeding complications (instrumental variable odds ratio 0.94, 95% confidence interval: 0.89 to 0.98, P = 0.005), including transfusion (instrumental variable odds ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval: 0.54 to 0.66, P < 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed in postoperative deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, stroke, and myocardial infarction between the two cohorts (P > 0.05).

Conclusions: After accounting for surgeon selection, TXA administration was associated with a significant reduction in early postoperative bleeding complications with no observed increase in thromboembolic risk. Given the favorable safety profile, surgeons should consider TXA among high-risk arthroplasty patients.