Distributional uniformity quantification in heterogeneous prepared dishes combined the hyperspectral imaging technology with Moran's I: A case study of pizza

Quality detection is critical in the development of prepared dishes, with distributional uniformity playing a significant role. This study used hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and Moran's I to quantify distributional uniformity, employing pizza as case. Pizza ingredients' spectra were collected, pre-processed with Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA), Savitzky-Golay (SG) and Standard Normal Variate (SNV), and down-scaled with Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Subsequently, the classifiers Fine Tree, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) were utilized, where KNN based on the DFA-processed data had the greatest accuracy of 99.2 %. This best-fit model was used to create visualization maps. At last, image analysis methods containing regional statistics, Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Moran's I were used to measure distributional uniformity. Moran's I demonstrated great distinctiveness and accuracy, making it the best tool. Therefore, HSI and Moran's I combination proved feasible to indicate distributional uniformity, ensuring the high quality of prepared dishes.