The mummy of Pharaoh Amenhotep III (reigned ca. 1388-1351 BC) and its facial approximation: An anatomical approach

Cicero Moraes; Michael E Habicht; Marco Artico; Flavio Forte; Elena Varotto; Francesco M Galassi

doi:10.1002/ca.24251

The mummy of Pharaoh Amenhotep III (reigned ca. 1388-1351 BC) and its facial approximation: An anatomical approach

Clin Anat. 2024 Dec 2. doi: 10.1002/ca.24251. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Cicero Moraes¹, Michael E Habicht², Marco Artico³, Flavio Forte^{4

5}, Elena Varotto^{2

6}, Francesco M Galassi⁷

Affiliations

¹ ARC-Team Brazil, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
² Archaeology, College of Humanities, Art and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
³ Department of Sense Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
⁴ Department of Urology, M.G. Vannini Hospital, Rome, Italy.
⁵ Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy.
⁶ Department of Cultures and Societies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
⁷ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.

PMID: 39623743
DOI: 10.1002/ca.24251

Abstract

This article offers for the first time a facial approximation of the Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep III (reigned ca. 1388-1351 BC) based on photographic material of his mortal remains and anthropometric data collected at the time, and by adopting a novel technique previously used in similar research by our team. A comprehensive discussion of the mummy attributed to Pharaoh Amenhotep III is also annexed to the study, focusing on the bioarcheological and embalming aspects.

Keywords: Amenhotep III; Ancient Egypt; anatomy; bioarcheology; embalming; facial approximation; forensic techniques; morphology; mummy.